The schools are certainly trying to increase parental and community involvement, but this is 15 years after School-based Management was implemented. In Edmonton, School-based Management has evolved for a technique for allocating resources in an equitable manner, to real local control of decision making. There has always been an expectation of staff involvement in the decision-making process and latterly that parents and community members be involved. It would be tempting to assume that schools didn't identify activities to involve parents in decision-making activities because they were already seriously involved, but my experience in the district suggests that 3 out of 30 schools accurately identifies the ratio of schools actively promoting parental involvement. Further, external expectations for parental involvement from the School Board and the impact of funding cuts are partially responsible for the parental involvement that exists.